Everything about Nelson Rockefeller totally explained
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (
July 8,
1908 –
January 26,
1979) was the forty-first
Vice President of the United States, the forty-ninth governor of
New York, a
philanthropist, and a
businessman.
A leader of the
liberal wing of the
Republican Party, he was
Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, where he launched many construction and modernization projects. A descendant of one of the world's richest and
best known families, he failed repeatedly in his attempts to become president, but he was appointed Vice President in 1974. He served from 1974 to 1977, and didn't join the 1976 GOP national ticket with President
Gerald Ford. He retired from politics when his term as Vice President was over.
Early life
Rockefeller was born in
Bar Harbor, Maine. He was the son of
John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. and
Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. He was the grandson of
Standard Oil's founder and chairman
John Davison Rockefeller, Sr. (who was born exactly 69 years before Nelson) and United States Senator
Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, a Republican from Rhode Island. He had four brothers:
David (1915- ),
Laurance (1910-2004),
Winthrop (1912-1973), and
John D. III (1906-1978), and one sister,
Abby (1903-1976). In 1930, he graduated from
Dartmouth College, where he was a member of
Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society),
Phi Beta Kappa, and the Zeta chapter of the
Psi Upsilon fraternity. Rockefeller worked for a time in several family-run businesses and philanthropies before entering public service. From 1939 to 1958, he served as President of the
Museum of Modern Art.
Early political career
Rockefeller was especially active in promoting modernization and economic liberalization in Brazil and other parts of Latin America. He took over various responsible roles during the presidencies of Roosevelt, Truman, and Eisenhower. After the war, he headed the
International Development Advisory Board, part of
Harry S. Truman's
Point Four Program. He “fulfils the functions of
Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA, 1940-44), is the Chairman of the Inter-American Development Commission and Corporation (1940-47) and the Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs (1944-45).” While at the head of the OCIAA, Nelson Rockefeller relied on his connections in the cultural field to allow a policy promoting North American culture in South America. The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) he'd created for his mother, became the most important American Museum supporting modern arts of its time, holding 19 exhibitions showing contemporary American paintings which were afterwards showed in a large number of cultural venues around South America. This cultural program was also seen as having the political agenda of contributing to the fight against perceived fascist influences in the region.
He also was one of the architects of the Chapultepec Conference that had for its goal to coordinate continental political cooperation. Together with Secretary of State Stettinius, Rockefeller was at the head of the American delegation and placed a high priority in resisting South American communist movements. The Act of Chapultepec would therefore plan the possibility of collective actions including the possibility of using armed forces against any aggression of a non-American or -North-hemispheric nation and would commit signatories in the negotiation of a permanent reciprocal assistance and Inter-American solidarity treaty.
After dedicating himself to various philanthropic activities including taking a lead role in the running of the MoMA, Rockefeller became Special Assistant to President Eisenhower for Foreign Affairs (1954-55) before being appointed head of the
Operations Coordinating Board (OCB) – committee of the National Security Council in charge, amongst others, of supervising secret CIA operations. Working with the CIA was nothing new to Rockefeller. After becoming the Health, Education and Welfare Assistant Secretary, he'd been required to organise a colloquium addressing the CIA on the role of the Agency in a different economic world. In March 1955, together with Rowland Hughes (Director of the Budget), he introduced a proposition for the creation of a high-level committee (
Planning Coordination Group) that would be in charge of helping develop schedules for the CIA's covert operations.
The election of fellow Republican
Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 saw Rockefeller gaining greater public and political influence. In 1956 he created the
Special Studies Project, a major seven panel planning group directed by
Henry Kissinger and funded by the
Rockefeller Brothers Fund, of which he was the then-president. It was an ambitious study created to define the central problems and opportunities facing the U.S. in the future, and to clarify national purposes and objectives; outcomes were finally published in 1961 as
Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.
The Special Studies Project came into national prominence with the early release of its military subpanel's report, whose principal recommendation was a massive military buildup to counter a then-perceived military superiority threat posed by the USSR. The report was released two months after the launching of
Sputnik in October, 1957 and its recommendations were fully endorsed by Eisenhower in his
State of the Union address in January, 1958.
Partly as a result of his work with the Special Studies Project, Eisenhower appointed Rockefeller first as chair of the
President's Advisory Committee on Government Reorganization and later as an undersecretary in the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953-1954).
This initial contact with Kissinger was to develop into a lifelong relationship; Kissinger was later to be described as his closest intellectual associate. From this period Rockefeller employed Kissinger as a personally funded part-time consultant, principally on foreign policy issues, until the appointment to his staff became full-time in late 1968. In 1969, when Kissinger entered
Richard Nixon's administration, Nelson paid him $50,000 as a severance payment.
Governor of New York
Rockefeller left federal service in 1956 to concentrate on
New York state and national politics, where he served in various capacities. In 1958, he was elected
governor by over 600,000 votes, defeating
incumbent governor, multi-millionaire
W. Averell Harriman, even though 1958 was a banner year for Democrats elsewhere in the nation. Despite his great wealth and famous lineage, Rockefeller seemed approachable and down-to-earth, establishing a friendly relationship with the local press. Reporters generally made no mention of the governor's frequent vacations, even
when he appeared remarkably tan during harsh New York winters.
Tough laws on drug users
Rockefeller served as governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 (elected to four terms, he served three and a half). As governor of New York, he successfully secured the passage of strict laws against the possession and/or sale of drugs. These laws — which became known as the "
Rockefeller drug laws" — took effect in 1973 and are still on the books, albeit in moderated form. They ranked among the toughest in the United States.
Liberal Republican
Rockefeller was opposed by conservatives in the GOP such as
Barry Goldwater and
Ronald Reagan because of his liberal stances on many issues.
As governor, Rockefeller took liberal stances on economic issues, spending more than his predecessors. Rockefeller expanded the state's infrastructure, took
environmentalist stances,
New Deal regulations of business, and
Social Security. Unlike most conservatives, who were opposed to
organized labor, Rockefeller collaborated with unions, especially the construction trades, which benefited from his extensive building programs.
In foreign affairs, Rockefeller was opposed to the more assertive policies of the conservatives and supported US involvement in the United Nations as well as US foreign aid. He also supported the U.S.'s fight against communism and its membership in
NATO.
As a result of Rockefeller's policies, some conservatives sought to gain leverage by creating the
Conservative Party of New York. The small party acted as a counter-weight to the
Liberal Party of New York State.
Attica riots
On
September 13 1971, after
four days of riots at the
state prison in Attica, N.Y., Rockefeller gave the order for 1,000
New York State Police troopers and
National Guardsmen to storm the prison.
More than 40 people died, including 11 of 38 hostages (most of whom were prison guards). Most of the deaths were attributed to the gunfire of the National Guard and state police. The prisoners had been demanding better living conditions, showers, education, and vocational training. Opponents blamed Rockefeller for these deaths in part because of his refusal to go to the prison and talk with the inmates, while his supporters, including many conservatives who had often vocally differed with him in the past, defended his actions as being necessary to the preservation of law and order.
Massive construction programs
Rockefeller engaged in massive building projects that left a profound mark on the state of New York, so much so that many of his detractors claimed that he'd an "Edifice Complex." He was personally interested in planning, design, and construction of the many projects intitiated during his administration--consistent with his interest in art. Rockefeller was the driving force in turning the
State University of New York into the largest system of public higher education in the United States. He demanded the imposition of tuition fees at the New York city colleges in return for conferring university status on them.
He also led in the creation and/or expansion of many major highways (such as the
Long Island Expressway, the
Southern Tier Expressway, the
Adirondack Northway, and
Interstate 81) which vastly improved road transportation in the state of New York. To create more low-income housing, Rockefeller created the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC), with unprecedented powers to override local
zoning,
condemn property, and create financing schemes to carry out desired development. (UDC is now called the Empire State Development Corporation, which forms a unit, along with the formerly independent Job Development Authority, of
Empire State Development Corporation.)
In addition, Rockefeller's construction programs included the $2 billion South Mall in Albany, later renamed the Nelson A. Rockefeller
Empire State Plaza. It is a vast campus of government skyscrapers and plazas punctuated by an egg-shaped arts center. He worked with the legislature and unions to create generous pension programs for many public workers, such as teachers, professors, firefighters, police officers, prison guards, in the state. He pushed through the highest-in-the-nation
minimum wage. Public-benefit authorities (some 230 of them, like UDC) were brought into existence by Rockefeller. They were often used to issue bonds in order to avoid the requirement of a vote of the people for the issuance of a bond; such authority-issued bonds bore higher interest than if they'd been issued directly by the state. The state budget went from $2.04 billion in 1959-60 to $8.8 billion in his last year 1973-74.
Rockefeller also reformed the governing of
New York City's transportation system, creating the
New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1965. It merged the
New York City subway system with the publicly owned
Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority and the
Long Island Rail Road and, later,
Metro North Railroad, which were purchased by the state from private owners in a massive public bailout of bankrupt railroads.
In taking over control of the Triborough Authority, Rockefeller shifted power away from
Robert Moses, who controlled several of New York state's public infrastructure authorities. Under the New York MTA, toll revenue collected from the bridges and tunnels, which had previously been used to build more bridges, tunnels, and highways, now went to support
public transport operations, thus shifting costs from general state funds to the motorist. In one controversial move, Rockefeller abandoned one of Moses's most desired projects, a
Long Island Sound link bridge from
Rye to
Oyster Bay in 1973 due to environmental opposition.
Conservation
Consistent with his personal interest in design and planning, Governor Rockefeller began expansion of the
New York State Parks system and improvement of park facilities. He persuaded voters to approve three major bond acts to raise more the $300 million for acquisition of park and forest preserve land. Rockefeller initiated studies of environmental issues, such as loss of agricultural land through development--an issue now characterized as "
sprawl." In such concerns he was enlightened for his time (the late
1960s), at least in government, although notions were becoming more common in some circles. The State Commission for the Preservation of Agricultural Land issued a report early in 1968. In September, 1968, Rockefeller appointed the Temporary Study Commission on the Future of the
Adirondacks. This led to his introduction to the Legislature in 1971 of a bill to create the controversial
Adirondack Park Agency.
Crime
Rockefeller was a supporter of
capital punishment and oversaw 14 executions by
electrocution as Governor. The last execution, of
Eddie Mays in
1963, remained to date the last execution in New York and was the last
pre-Furman execution in the Northeast.
However, despite his personal support for capital punishment, Governor Rockefeller signed a bill in
1965 to abolish the death penalty except in cases involving the murder of police officers.
Rockefeller was also a supporter of the "law and order" platform.
Presidential campaigns
Rockefeller was a glad-hander who appeared affable and approachable, and maintained good relationships with the press. He easily won time and again in New York, but he wanted to be president. He spent millions in attempts to win the Republican
primaries in 1960, 1964, and 1968. His bid in 1960 was ended early when then-Vice President
Richard Nixon surged ahead in the polls. After quitting the campaign, Rockefeller backed Nixon enthusiastically, and concentrated his efforts on introducing more moderate stances into Nixon's platform.
Rockefeller, representing moderate and liberal Republicans, was considered the front-runner for
the 1964 campaign against the more conservative Senator
Barry Goldwater of Arizona who led the right wing of the Republican Party. Rockefeller was originally the front runner for the Republican party's presidential nomination but his divorce and subsequent remarriage turned many socially conservative voters off. Rockefeller finished third in the New Hampshire primary in February, behind write-in
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. (from neighboring Massachusetts) and Goldwater. He then endured dismal showings in several primaries, before winning an upset in the Oregon primary in May. The birth of Rockefeller's child during the California campaign put the divorce issue in the headlines (
divorce was scandalous at that time). After a furious contest, Rockefeller lost the California primary in early June and dropped out of the race.
Rockefeller again sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1968. His opponents were Nixon and Governor
Ronald W. Reagan of California. In the contest, Rockefeller again represented the liberals in the GOP, Reagan representing the conservative Goldwater element, and Nixon representing the moderates. Nixon was always clearly the front runner throughout the contest because of his superior organization and he easily defeated both Reagan and Rockefeller.
After
Gerald Ford's elevation to the Presidency and Rockefeller was named Vice President, he was initially mentioned and reportedly considered running for President for a fourth time
in 1976, if Ford declined to seek his own term.
Commission on Critical Choices for Americans
In November of 1973, Rockefeller established an organization called the
Commission on Critical Choices for Americans, of which he served as chairman. He resigned as Governor of New York in December of 1973, devoting himself to his new commission and the possibility of another presidential run.
Vice Presidency 1974 – 77
Following President Nixon's resignation, new president
Gerald Ford nominated Rockefeller, age 66, to serve as the 41st
Vice President of the United States, after a long process of considering various candidates. Rockefeller's top competitor had been
George H.W. Bush.
Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made massive gifts to senior aides, such as
Henry Kissinger. He had paid all his taxes, no illegalities were uncovered, and he was confirmed. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them did vote for his confirmation. However, some, including Goldwater, voted against him..
Beginning his service on
December 19,
1974, Rockefeller was the second person appointed Vice President under the
25th Amendment — the first being Ford himself. Rockefeller often complained that Ford gave him little or no power, and few tasks, while he was Vice President. Ford responded to this by putting Rockefeller in charge of his "Whip Inflation Now" initiative. In November 1975, Rockefeller told Ford he wanted off the ticket, saying that he "didn't come down (to Washington) to get caught up in party squabbles which only make it more difficult for the President in a very difficult time..." Journalists speculated that Ford, a moderate, decided to drop Rockefeller in favor of the more conservative
Robert Dole under pressure from the conservative wing of the party.
While Rockefeller was Vice President, the official Vice Presidential residence was established at
Number One Observatory Circle on the grounds of the
United States Naval Observatory. This residence had previously been the home of the
Chief of Naval Operations; prior Vice Presidents had been responsible for maintaining their own homes at their own expense, but the necessity of massive full-time
Secret Service security had made this custom impractical to continue. Rockefeller already had a luxurious, well-secured Washington residence and never actually lived in the home as a principal residence, although he did host several official functions there. His wealth enabled him to donate millions of dollars of furnishings to the house.
Rockefeller was slow to embrace the use of the government aircraft that were provided for Vice Presidential transportation. Rockefeller continued to use his own private comfortably equipped
Gulfstream for the first part of his time in office. It was operated under the call sign
Executive Two when the
Vice President was onboard. Initially Rockefeller felt he was doing the taxpayer a favor saving money by not using government funded transportation. Finally the
Secret Service was able to convince him they were spending more money flying agents around to meet the needs of his protective detail and he began to fly on the
DC-9 that was serving as
Air Force Two at the time. His codename given by the
Secret Service was "Sandstorm".
On
January 10, 1977, Ford presented Rockefeller with the
Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Marriages
On
June 23 1930, Rockefeller married
Mary Todhunter Clark. They had five children:
Rodman, Anne, Steven, and twins Mary and
Michael. They were divorced in 1963, a few weeks before his marriage to
Margaretta "Happy" Murphy. He and his second wife had two children together, Nelson, Jr. and
Mark. They remained married until his death in 1979.
Death
Rockefeller died on the evening of Friday,
January 26,
1979 at age 70 from a
heart attack under circumstances whose details have never been completely revealed. Initial reports said Rockefeller was at his office at Rockefeller Center working on a book about his art collection, where a security guard found him slumped over his desk; however, it was later disclosed that Rockefeller actually had the fatal heart attack in his 13 West
54th Street Manhattan townhouse in the presence of 26-year-old aide
Megan Marshack and that some time later Marshack had called her friend, news reporter Ponchitta Pierce, to the townhouse and it was Pierce who phoned emergency approximately an hour after the heart attack. Much speculation went on in the press regarding a sexual relationship between Rockefeller and Marshack, Neither Marshack nor the family has commented since on the circumstances surrounding Rockefeller's death.
Nelson Rockefeller was cremated at
Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. His ashes were scattered at the Rockefeller Estate in nearby Tarrytown. He doesn't have a final resting place in a cemetery, the first
Vice President not to have one.
Artistic involvement
In
1933 the Rockefeller family wanted to have a mural put on the wall in
Rockefeller Center. Nelson Rockefeller wanted
Henri Matisse or
Pablo Picasso to do it because he favored their
modern style, but neither was available. Diego Rivera was one of Nelson Rockefeller's mother's favorite artists and therefore was commissioned to create the huge mural. He was given a theme: New Frontiers. Rockefeller wanted the painting to make people pause and think.. However, the painting caused great controversy due to the inclusion of a painting of
Lenin (depicting
communism), which upset Rockefeller.:
Richard Nixon - 4,975,938 (86.63%)
Unpledged delegates - 314,234 (5.47%)
George H. Bender - 211,090 (3.68%)
James M. Lloyd - 48,461 (0.84%)
Nelson Rockefeller - 30,639 (0.53%)
Frank R. Beckwith - 19,677 (0.34%)
1964 Republican presidential primaries:
Barry Goldwater - 2,267,079 (38.33%)
Nelson Rockefeller - 1,304,204 (22.05%)
James A. Rhodes - 615,754 (10.41%)
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. - 386,661 (6.54%)
John W. Byrnes - 299,612 (5.07%)
William Scranton - 245,401 (4.15%)
Margaret Chase Smith - 227,007 (3.84%)
Richard Nixon - 197,212 (3.33%)
Unpledged delegates - 173,652 (2.94%)
Harold Stassen - 114,083 (1.93%)
1964 Republican National Convention (1st ballot):
Barry Goldwater - 883
William Scranton - 214
Nelson Rockefeller - 114
George Romney - 41
Margaret Chase Smith - 27
Walter H. Judd - 22
Hiram Fong - 5
Scattering - 7
1964 Republican National Convention (2nd ballot):
Barry Goldwater - 1,220
William Scranton - 50
Margaret Chase Smith - 22
Nelson Rockefeller - 6
Walter H. Judd - 1
George Romney - 1
Scattering - 8
New York gubernatorial election, 1966 >
| Governor candidate |
Running Mate |
Party |
Popular Vote |
| Nelson A. Rockefeller |
Malcolm Wilson |
Republican |
2,690,626 |
(44.61%) |
| Frank O'Connor |
Howard J. Samuels |
Democratic |
2,298,363 |
(38.11%) |
| Paul L. Adams |
Kieran O'Doherty |
Conservative |
513,023 |
(8.46%) |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. |
Donald S. Harrington |
Liberal |
507,234 |
(8.41%) |
| Milton Herder |
Doris Ballantyne |
Socialist Labor |
12,730 |
(0.21%) |
| Judith White |
Richard Garza |
Socialist Workers |
12,506 |
(0.21%) |
1968 Republican presidential primaries
Ronald Reagan - 1,696,632 (37.93%)
Richard Nixon - 1,679,443 (37.54%)
James A. Rhodes - 614,492 (13.74%)
Nelson Rockefeller - 164,340 (3.67%)
Unpledged delegates - 140,639 (3.14%)
Eugene McCarthy - 44,520 (1.00%)
Harold Stassen - 31,655 (0.71%)
John A. Volpe - 31,465 (0.70%)
1968 Republican National Convention (1st ballot)
Richard Nixon - 692
Nelson Rockefeller - 277
Ronald Reagan - 182
James A. Rhodes - 55
George Romney - 50
Clifford Case - 22
Frank Carlson - 20
Winthrop Rockefeller - 18
Hiram Fong - 14
Harold Stassen - 2
John V. Lindsay - 1
1968 Republican National Convention (2nd ballot)
Richard Nixon - 1238
Nelson Rockefeller - 93
Ronald Reagan - 2
New York gubernatorial election, 1970 >
| Governor candidate |
Running Mate |
Party |
Popular Vote |
| Nelson A. Rockefeller |
Malcolm Wilson |
Republican |
3,151,432 |
(52.41%) |
| Arthur Goldberg |
Basil Paterson |
Democratic,
Liberal |
2,421,426 |
(40.27%) |
| Paul L. Adams |
Edward F. Leonard |
Conservative |
422,514 |
(7.03%) |
| Rasheed Storey |
Grace Mora-Newman |
Communist |
7,760 |
(0.13%) |
| Clifton DeBerry |
Jonathan Rothschild |
Socialist Workers |
5,766 |
(0.10%) |
| Stephen Emery |
Arnold Babel |
Socialist Labor |
3,963 |
(0.07%) |
Vice President of the United States (confirmation in the Senate), 1974:
Yea - 90
Nay - 7
Vice President of the United States (confirmation in the House), 1974:
Yea - 289
Nay - 128
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Bibliography
Bleecker, Samuel E. The Politics of Architecture: A Perspective on Nelson A. Rockefeller, Rutledge Press, 1981. Deals with the architecture of New York State buildings.
Cobbs, Elizabeth Anne. The Rich Neighbor Policy: Rockefeller and Kaiser in Brazil, Yale University Press, 1992.
Cobbs, Elizabeth A. "Entrepreneurship as Diplomacy: Nelson Rockefeller and the Development of the Brazilian Capital Market," Business History Review, 1989 63(1): 88-121. Examines NR's Fundo Crescinco, a mutual fund that he started in Brazil in the 1950s to continue FDR's Good Neighbor policy. It reflected both liberal assumptions about the importance of the middle class to economic development and the concerns of business people about placating Latin American nationalism.
Colby, Gerard & Charlotte Dennett. Thy Will be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil, 1995.
Connery, Robert H. and Gerald Benjamin. Governing New York State: The Rockefeller Years, 1974. An in-depth analysis.
Bernard J. Firestone and Alexej Ugrinsky, eds. Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America. Volume: 1. Greenwood Press, 1993. (pp 137-94). One chapter has analysis by scholars of the Vice-Presidency.
Deane, Elizabeth, (Director). The Rockefellers, A documentary film, 1999.
Donovan, Robert John. Confidential Secretary: Ann Whitman's Twenty Years with Eisenhower and Rockefeller, New York: Dutton, 1988.
Isaacson, Walter, Kissinger: A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, (updated, 2005).
Kramer, Michael and Roberts, Sam. "I Never Wanted to Be Vice-President of Anything!": An Investigative Biography of Nelson Rockefeller, 1976.
Light, Paul. "Vice-presidential Influence under Rockefeller and Mondale." Political Science Quarterly 1983-1984 98(4): 617-640. in JSTOR
Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus, 2002. On the 1964 election.
Persico, Joseph E. The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A. Rockefeller, New York: Pocket Books, 1982 (The author was a senior aide).
Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer, 1908-1958, New York: Doubleday, 1996.
James Reichley; Conservatives in an Age of Change: The Nixon and Ford Administrations, Brookings Institution, 1981.
Rivas, Darlene. Missionary Capitalist: Nelson Rockefeller in Venezuela. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks, an Intimate Portrait: The Creation of a National Commitment to the Arts. Duke University Press, 1988. She was a top aide (and lover).
Turner, Michael. The Vice President as Policy Maker: Rockefeller in the Ford White House, New York: Greenwood, 1982.
Underwood, James E. and Daniels, William J. Governor Rockefeller in New York: The Apex of Pragmatic Liberalism, New York: Greenwood, 1982.Further Information
Get more info on 'Nelson Rockefeller'.
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